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10/10/2014

Fusion Mobile - SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP | Nigeria’s Mobile e-Learning Platform


A sole proprietorship, also known as the sole trader or simply a proprietorship, is a type of business entity that is owned and run by one individual or one legal person and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business. The owner is in direct

A sole proprietorship, also known as the sole trader or simply a proprietorship, is a type of business entity that is owned and run by one individual or one legal person and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business. The owner is in direct control of all elements and is legally accountable for the finances of such business and this may include debts, loans, loss etc.

The owner receives all profits (subject to taxation specific to the business) and has unlimited responsibility for all losses and debts. Every asset of the business is owned by the proprietor and all debts of the business are the proprietor's. It is a "sole" proprietorship in contrast with partnerships (which have at least 2 owners).

A sole proprietor may use a trade name or business name other than his, her or its legal name. They will have to legally trademark their business name, the process being different depending upon country of residence.

The sole proprietorship is the simplest business form under which one can operate a business. The sole proprietorship is not a legal entity. It simply refers to a person who owns the business and is personally responsible for its debts. The owner of a sole proprietorship typically signs contracts in his or her own name, because the sole proprietorship has no separate identity under the law. The sole proprietor owner will typically have customers write checks in the owner's name, even if the business uses a fictitious name.



FEATURES OF SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP

The business enterprise is owned by one person
The main objective of the business is to make profit
The capital required to run the business is provided by the proprietor
The sole proprietor has unlimited liability
It is not a legal entity as the owner is not separated from the business
The business is controlled and managed by the owner
The enterprise can fold at any time; depending on when the owner becomes uninterested in running the business.

SOURCES OF CAPITAL FOR A SOLE PROPRIETOR

personal savings
loan from family and friends
purchase of goods on credit
loan and overdrafts from banks
grants/loans from government



Advantages:

Easy and inexpensive to form a sole proprietorship (you will only need to register your business name provincially, except in Newfoundland and Labrador)
Relatively low cost to start your business
Lowest amount of regulatory and operational burden
Direct control of decision making
Minimal working capital required to start-up
Tax advantages if your business is not doing well, for example, deducting your losses from your personal income, lower tax bracket when profits are low, and so on
All profits will go to you directly
Owners can establish a sole proprietorship instantly, easily and inexpensively.
Owners may freely mix business or personal assets.
There is a close relationship between owner and customers
There is effective planning



Disadvantages:

Owner bears all risks alone
Owners are subject to unlimited personal liability for the debts, losses and liabilities of the business.
Owners cannot raise capital by selling an interest in the business.
Sole proprietorships rarely survive the death or incapacity of their owners and so do not retain value.
Income would be taxable at your personal rate and, if your business is profitable, this may put you in a higher tax bracket
Lack of continuity for your business, if you need to be absent
Difficulty raising capital on your own
It is not a separate legal entity
Owner lacks specialization
There is limitation in expansion

10/10/2014

Fusion Mobile - CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IN FARM ANIMALS | Nigeria’s Mobile e-Learning Platform
Circulatory system involves all the organs and tissues which are concerned with the movement of materials from one part of the body to another where they are either used or removed. These organs and tissues include the heart, the blood and blood vessels.

Composition of Blood
Blood is a fluid tissue, it

Circulatory system involves all the organs and tissues which are concerned with the movement of materials from one part of the body to another where they are either used or removed. These organs and tissues include the heart, the blood and blood vessels.

Composition of Blood
Blood is a fluid tissue, it is made up of: the fluid plasma or the blood cells or corpuscles.

Plasma – plasma is the liquid portion of the blood. It is made up of water, blood protein, like globulin, fibrinogen, prothrombin, dissolved mineral salts and other organic substances like hormones, enzymes, digested food, waste products e.t.c. within the body.
The blood cells (corpuscles) – there are three blood cells or corpuscles. These are:
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) – these are biconcave and circular in shape, non-nucleated when matured. They are manufactured by the bone marrow and any excess is stored in the spleen. Erythrocytes contain an iron pigment called haemoglobin which helps to transport oxygen.
White blood cells (leucocytes) – these are regular n shape, large but fewer than red blood cells. They have nucleus and are produced in the lymphatic tissues. The phagocytic leucocytes attack attack and destroy foreign organisms in the body. In other words, white blood cells defend the body against foreign germs.
The blood platelets (thrombocytes) – they are irregular or star-shaped, tiny and non-nucleated. They are produced in the red bone marrow. The white blood cells are responsible for blood clotting.


Functions of the Blood

It maintains body temperature by distributing heat during circulation.
The red blood cell carries oxygen with the help of haemoglobin to different parts of the body.
It transports hormones from ductless glands to their areas of activities.
It transports hormones waste products like carbon dioxide, mineral salts, urea, and water to where they are removed.
Leucocytes help to defend the body against germs.
It helps in blood clotting with the aid of platelets.
It helps to transport digested food to the cells.
I also help to maintain the water level of the body.

The Heart
The heart is one of the most powerful organ in the circulatory system. It helps o pump blood round the body. Each pumping action of the heart is known as heartbeat.

The heart is made up of muscles known as cardiac muscles which contract and relax continuously, making the heart to beat ceaselessly. It is covered and protected by a thick membrane called pericardium which keeps the heart in good position in the thoracic cavity. The heart consists of four chambers: the upper auricles (right auricle and left auricle) and the lower ventricles (right and left ventricles). A central wall called, the septum divides the heart into left and right halves.

The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels are the network of spaces in the body through which materials are moved from one part of the body to the other with the aid of blood. There are three types of blood vessels. These are:

The artery which carries blood away the heart. It is further divided to form arterioles.
The vein which carries blood to the heart is further divided to form veinous.
The capillaries are tiny blood vessels found around tissues and organs where the artery and vein meet. It is at this region that substances diffuse in and out of the blood.

Farm animals possess a close circulatory system. This means that there is no mixing of oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood in the heart. Farm animals also display pattern of double circulation. This implies that for one complete circulation, blood has to pass through the heart twice – each time going through a separate pathway. The two pathways are referred to as the pulmonary circulation and systematic circulation.

Pulmonary circulation is the movement of blood between the heart and the lungs while the systematic circulation is the movement of the blood between the heart and all parts of the body besides the lungs.

09/10/2014

Fusion Mobile - DEPRECIATION OF FIXED ASSETS | Nigeria’s Mobile e-Learning Platform
Meaning of Depreciation of Fixed Assets



Fixed assets which are of permanent nature and they create revenue for the business. They can last for a long period of time. Fixed assets of a business lose value or are said to depreciate with usage. Depreciation can be defined as a reduction in

Meaning of Depreciation of Fixed Assets



Fixed assets which are of permanent nature and they create revenue for the business. They can last for a long period of time. Fixed assets of a business lose value or are said to depreciate with usage. Depreciation can be defined as a reduction in the economic service potential of an asset as a result of wears, tears, usage and passage of time. It can also be defined as the permanent or continuous decrease in the quantity, quality and value of an asset. The allocation of the cost of a fixed asset over its estimated useful life is a loss and must be taken into consideration when preparing the profit and loss accounts. When fixed assets are sold, the part of cost not recovered is termed depreciation.



REASONS FOR CHARGING DEPRECIATION

Since depreciation is a charge against profit, the tax to be paid on the profit by the firm will be reduced.
The amount charged as depreciation can be used for the replacement of the asset at the end of its useful life.
It follows the marching concept. The cost of assets are spread over its useful life.

Causes of Depreciation

Wear and tear: An asset may depreciate as a result of constant usage. Physical factors like erosion, dampness, rust and decay can cause an asset to reduce its value.
Obsolescence: An asset can become obsolete due to changes in technology. When this occurs, it is due for replacement. A very good example is the steam engine which was replaced by the diesel engine train.
Passage of time: Depreciation occurs in some assets with the effusion of time. E.g. Leaseholds, patents and copyrights.
Depletion: Some natural resources like gold, oil or tin deposits become worthless when the deposits have been depleted. They are called wasting assets. The more they are extracted, the less the reserve.
Inadequacy: As a result of expansion in the productive capacity of a company an asset may become too small or inadequate and thus required replacement for bigger ones.

Element of Depreciation

Original cost: This is the cost incurred in purchasing, installation and cost of carriage.
Estimated value: This is the scrap value. The amount which can be recovered when the asset is sold at the end of its useful life.
Estimated useful life: The expected number of years through which an asset can last.



Method of Depreciation

There are various methods of depreciating fixed assets. These are:

Straight line method – This method makes provision for equal amount to be charged as depreciation for each year of useful life of an asset. The depreciation is ascertained by dividing the cost of the asset less the residual value by the number of estimated useful life.
Diminishing or reducing balance method – By this method, a fixed percentage is written off the diminishing balance of the asset yearly. The total depreciation is spread over the anticipated useful life of the asset by annual installments of diminishing amount. This method of depreciation is advantageous because depreciation is more scientifically provided for. Here larger amount of depreciation is deemed to occur in the early years and smaller amounts in the later years.
Revaluation method – this method of depreciation is good for assets like loose tools (hammers, chisels, spanners), livestock, e.t.c. By this method, the asset is revalued each year, any difference will be charged as depreciation to the profit and loss account. The value of the assets at the beginning and end of the year must be known.
Sum of the year digit method – A decreasing depreciation is computed by a simple mathematical procedure relating to arithmetical progression. Each year of an asset’s life should be represented by a digit. Add these digits and charge fractions of the asset cost to the years in reverse order.

ACCOUNTING ENTRIES

There are two methods for preparing depreciation accounts. The methods are termed old and new methods.



Old method: Under this method, the amount charged as provision for depreciation is shown in the assets accounts. It is referred to as old method because it has fallen into disuse. The following accounts must be prepared under this method.

Assets accounts
Depreciation accounts
Profit and loss accounts
Balance sheet extract

The procedures are:

Debit the asset account with the cost of the asset.
Credit the asset account with the depreciation charge.
Debit the depreciation account with the depreciation charge.
Debit the profit and loss account with the depreciation charge.
Credit the depreciation account with the depreciation charge.

Modern method: Under this method, there will be a separate account called provision for depreciation account. The assets are always shown at cost price. Most firms are now using this method because it is most revealing. The following accounts must be prepared.

Asset account
Provision for depreciation account
Profit and loss account
Balance sheet extract

The procedures are:

Debit asset disposal accounts (Cost price of asset)

Credit asset account

Debit provision for depreciation account (Accumulated depreciation)

Credit asset disposal accounts

Debit cash book (Cash or cheque received on sale)

Credit asset disposal accounts

Debit asset disposal accounts (Profit on sale)

Credit profit and loss account

Debit profit and loss account (Loss on sale)

Credit asset disposal account

09/10/2014

Fusion Mobile - CELL AS A LIVING UNIT | Nigeria’s Mobile e-Learning Platform


The cell is the simplest structure of a living matter that can exist independently. Cells exhibit a variety of shapes and sizes. They range from extremely small bacteria cells which can only be seen through a powerful microsope to the large yolk cell of an ostrich egg.

Forms in which Living

The cell is the simplest structure of a living matter that can exist independently. Cells exhibit a variety of shapes and sizes. They range from extremely small bacteria cells which can only be seen through a powerful microsope to the large yolk cell of an ostrich egg.

Forms in which Living Cells Exists.

Chlamydomonas is a unicellular organism which is motile with a cup-shaped chloroplast. It is a free-living autotroph, carrying out all the activities of a living organism. The protoplasm is therefore complex since it can perform all functions of a living organism. They move about using their whip-like flagella. They are sensitive to changes in their environment and respond to them. For example, they move from a dimly lit region to a region with more light. Reproduction is asexual.
The amoeba is the simplest unicellular organism that is heterotrophic. It takes in complex food; digests it in a food vacuole; iuses the soluble food for its activities and growth; and gets rid of the undigested food material. It is sensitive to the presence of food in itd environment and moves towards it quickly. It has pseudopodia to move and capture food and ingests food using a food vacuole. It reproduces by dividing into two daughter cells.
Paramecium is also a unicellular organism with cell body more complex than that of the amoeba. It has cilia that help it to move, waft food into its gullet, and strain food. Anterior and posterior contractile vacuoles, with radiating channels draining into them, help get rid of excess water from the body.
The euglena is a protist that has both plant and animal features. It has chloroplast for making food and a gullet for taking in food.
The volvox colony is made up of a large number of chlamydomonas-like cells arranged as a single layer to form a hollow ball. The cells are connected by cytoplasmic strands. Each cell has a flagella that beat in a coordinated manner so that the colony can move in a definite direction with one point always acting as the anterior end.
In spirogyra, identical cells are joined end to end to form unbranched filaments. Each cell functions as an independent living cell. It can divide transversely into two and grow. If a cell breaks off from a spirogyra filament, it can reproduce vegetatively to form a new filament. Spirogyra can also reproduce sexually.
Sponges have a few special kinds of cells. For example, they have special collar cells for drawing in water into their bodies; amoeboid cells for ingesting food; reproductive cells; and skeleton-making cells. However, these special groups of cells are not recognized as tissues. This is because the cells within each group do not work together to carry out a particular function in a coordinated manner.
In hydra, there are several special kinds of cells such as sensory cells, primitive type of nerve cells, muscle cells and stinging cells. A group of each kind of cell works in a coordinated manner to carry out a particular function. Thus, the hydra shows a level of organization as some of its activities are performed in a coordinated manner by tissues.


Cell Specialization
A cell in a simple organism can carry out all the functions necessary for living and reproducing. Such a cell, however, cannot perform all its functions efficiently. This is why specialization had to occur for complex organisms to develop. When a cell becomes specialized to carry out a particular function, it usually loses its ability to carry out some of the other functions of a cell. Specialized cells cannot live on their own like the chlamydomonas cell or a call from a spirogyra filament. They are interdependent on other cells in the organism. Their specialization enables them to carry out their functions efficiently. They serve the organism as a whole and enable the organism to become highly successful.

05/10/2014

Fusion Mobile - Privacy Policy
MOBILE PRIVACY POLICY

MOBILE PRIVACY POLICY
PRIVACY POLICY MODEL FOR MOBILE APPLICATIONS

This privacy policy governs your use of the software application Fusion Mobile (“Application”) for
mobile devices that was created by Fusion Mobile Nigeria Limited. The Application is Fusion
Mobile is an educational platform built by Nigerians to provide "world-class education for Africa”.
This mobile

MOBILE PRIVACY POLICY

MOBILE PRIVACY POLICY
PRIVACY POLICY MODEL FOR MOBILE APPLICATIONS

This privacy policy governs your use of the software application Fusion Mobile (“Application”) for
mobile devices that was created by Fusion Mobile Nigeria Limited. The Application is Fusion
Mobile is an educational platform built by Nigerians to provide "world-class education for Africa”.
This mobile App features thousands of educational resources, including: A personalized learning
dashboard Over 100,000 practice problems from JAMB, WAEC, GCE and Aptitude Test, Over
2,000 micro lectures via video tutorials in the app teaching Mathematics, Use of English, Physics,
Chemistry, Commerce, Biology, Government, Financial Accounting, Economics, Geography and
Literature in English. A personalized learning engine to help students track what they have learned
and recommend what they can do next. Progress reports via SMS Automated exercises and remote
examinations with continuous assessments. Self-paced, provides consistent content, fast and works
anywhere and anytime for the learners. Private tutorials for all users
What information does the Application obtain and how is it used?
User Provided Information
The Application obtains the information you provide when you download and register the
Application. Registration with us is optional. However, please keep in mind that you may not be
able to use some of the features offered by the Application unless you register with us.
When you register with us and use the Application, you generally provide (a) your name, email
address, age, user name, password and other registration information; (b) transaction-related
information, such as when you make purchases, respond to any offers, or download or use
applications from us; (c) information you provide us when you contact us for help; (d) credit card
information for purchase and use of the Application, and; (e) information you enter into our system
when using the Application, such as contact information and project management information.
We may also use the information you provided us to contact your from time to time to provide
you with important information, required notices and marketing promotions.
Automatically Collected Information
In addition, the Application may collect certain information automatically, including, but not
limited to, the type of mobile device you use, your mobile devices unique device ID, the IP
address of your mobile device, your mobile operating system, the type of mobile Internet browsers
you use, and information about the way you use the Application.
Does the Application collect precise real time location information of the device?
This Application does not collect precise information about the location of your mobile device.
Do third parties see and/or have access to information obtained by the
Application?
Only aggregated, anonymized data is periodically transmitted to external services to help us
improve the Application and our service. We will share your information with third parties only in
the ways that are described in this privacy statement.
We may disclose User Provided and Automatically Collected Information:
as required by law, such as to comply with a subpoena, or similar legal process;
when we believe in good faith that disclosure is necessary to protect our rights, protect your safety or the safety of others, investigate
fraud, or respond to a government request;
with our trusted services providers who work on our behalf, do not have an independent use of the information we disclose to them,
and have agreed to adhere to the rules set forth in this privacy statement.
if Fusion Mobile Nigeria Limited is involved in a merger, acquisition, or sale of all or a portion of its assets, you will be
notified via email and/or a prominent notice on our Web site of any change in ownership or uses of this information, as well as any
choices you may have regarding this information.
What are my opt-out rights?
You can stop all collection of information by the Application easily by uninstalling the Application.
You may use the standard uninstall processes as may be available as part of your mobile device or
via the mobile application marketplace or network. You can also request to opt-out via email, at
[email protected].
Data Retention Policy, Managing Your Information
We will retain User Provided data for as long as you use the Application and for a reasonable time
thereafter. We will retain Automatically Collected information for up to 24 months and thereafter
may store it in aggregate. If you’d like us to delete User Provided Data that you have provided via
the Application, please contact us at [email protected] we will respond in a
reasonable time. Please note that some or all of the User Provided Data may be required in order
for the Application to function properly.
Children
We do not use the Application to knowingly solicit data from or market to children under the age
of 13. If a parent or guardian becomes aware that his or her child has provided us with information
without their consent, he or she should contact us at [email protected]. We will delete
such information from our files within a reasonable time.
Security
We are concerned about safeguarding the confidentiality of your information. We provide physical,
electronic, and procedural safeguards to protect information we process and maintain. For example,
we limit access to this information to authorized employees and contractors who need to know that
information in order to operate, develop or improve our Application. Please be aware that,
although we endeavor provide reasonable security for information we process and maintain, no
security system can prevent all potential security breaches.
Changes
This Privacy Policy may be updated from time to time for any reason. We will notify you of any
changes to our Privacy Policy by posting the new Privacy Policy www.myfusionmobile.com and
informing you via email or text message. You are advised to consult this Privacy Policy regularly
for any changes, as continued use is deemed approval of all changes. You can check the history of
this policy by clicking here.
Your Consent
By using the Application, you are consenting to our processing of your information as set forth in
this Privacy Policy now and as amended by us. "Processing,” means using cookies on a
computer/hand held device or using or touching information in any way, including, but not
limited to, collecting, storing, deleting, using, combining and disclosing information, all of which
activities will take place in the United States. If you reside outside the United States your
information will be transferred, processed and stored there under United States privacy standards.
Contact us
If you have any questions regarding privacy while using the Application, or have questions about
our practices, please contact us via email at [email protected].

03/10/2014

Fusion Mobile - ESSAY WRITING | Nigeria’s Mobile e-Learning Platform
INTRODUCTION















Paper 1 is to test student’s ability to use the English Language effectively as a means of communication. It’s designed to examine student’s ability to express themselves with clarity and coherence in a manner appropriate to the audience, purpose, topic and situation. The paper covers a wide variety of writing

INTRODUCTION















Paper 1 is to test student’s ability to use the English Language effectively as a means of communication. It’s designed to examine student’s ability to express themselves with clarity and coherence in a manner appropriate to the audience, purpose, topic and situation. The paper covers a wide variety of writing skills, such as arguement , narrative, exposition, description, creative and letter writing. It also tests students’ competence in grammar, good paragraphing, the proper use of formal features, presentation of ideas, correct spelling, appropriate punctuation and the skillful usage of rich vocabulary and idioms.

In essay writing, the student is expected to write 450 words. The student will lose considerable marks for writing an essay short of 450 words because his contents will have been fully developed to earn a good mark and a less than twenty errors ringed in the essay will earn such a student zero under mechanical accuracy. However, you should not waste your time counting the words of the essay. The length measurement of the words is as follows.



10 words per line
= 45 lines of your answer booklet


9 words per line
=50 lines


8 words per line
=56 lines


7 words per line
= 64 lines


6 words per line
= 75 lines


5 words per line
=90 lines





APPROACH TO ESSAY WRITING

Writing a good essay needs some planning. Many students fail simply because they fail to plan before writing. There are basically four stages you have to quickly pass through in writing a good essay. These are namely;

(i) Gathering ideas (iii) organizing the ideas

(ii) Developing the ideas (iv) revising the ideas

Gathering ideas: This involves reading thoroughly the question you have chosen to answer so that the subject of the question may be grasped. You have to find out what you are required to write. Always make sure that you choose the question which you can write best on, in terms of number of valuable and relevant points and ideas. Then interpret your questions very well and make sure that you have enough points and ideas to answer all the parts of the question to earn a good mark. After taking care of this, put down on a rough paper all relevant facts and points that come into your mind.

Organizing the ideas

After putting down all relevant points on a rough paper, the next thing is to rearrange them in an outline. Make sure that you have an outline before writing your essay. Every paragraph should have a central idea and all paragraphs must be linked to form a coherent whole.



Developing the idea

You are expected to develop your essay from the outline you have written. Your paragraphs must be well developed. In essence, each point must be fully developed with apt illustrations, examples and experiences in order to earn a good mark. Avoid writing long sentences so as not to make your sentences too clumsy and unclear.

Revising the idea

Don’t be in a hurry to submit your paper without reading over what you have written. This will enable you to detect some errors which could still be corrected. You shouldn’t be so sure of yourself not to make mistakes.

ASSESSMENT OF SSCE ESSAYS

Essays in SSCE are assessed in a way that students’ ability to communicate their thoughts and ideas are judged. Marks are awarded along the following parameters:

Content – 10 marks
Organization – 10 marks
Expression – 20 marks
Mechanical accuracy – 10 marks



Content – Content has to do with points or ideas developed in an essay and their relevance to the subject matter or topic on which the student is writing. Your points must be relevant to the question you have chosen to answer and they must be well-developed too to earn a good mark under content.

Organization – Essays are judged under organization as whatever they are intended to be. You will be marked down under organization if you are asked to write an article for publication in the national newspaper, for example and you write a letter to the editor. Other things considered are: a suitable opening, adequate development, good paragraphing and links between the paragraphs, balance, unity, coherence and a suitable conclusion.

Expression – This carries the highest mark. It has to do with how clear your expression is and how well you make use of your stock vocabulary, including idiomatic expressions. Your examiner should be able to understand what you have put down in your essay. Other things under expression are suitable arrangement and variation of sentence structure, judicious and imaginative use of figurative language appropriate words, collocations and sentence types, and skillful and sophisticated use of punctuations.

Mechanical Accuracy – It has to do with errors in grammatical structures, punctuation errors, spelling errors. All these errors are penalized under mechanical errors. Half mark would be given for every ringed error up to the maxi mum of twenty to get zero under mechanical accuracy in WASSCE, NECO and SSCE.

Error in grammar include the omission of an essential sentence element like subject, predicate or complement; wrong tense; misuse of modal operators (may/might, can/could, shall/should, e.t.c.); confusion or genuine ambiguity in the use of pronouns; wrong prepositions; misuse of relatives, subordinators, conjunctions, e.t.c.

Punctuation errors include wrong use or omission of full stop, question mark, exclamation mark and quotation marks which could be single ‘ ’ or double’’ ‘’; insertion of comma between the subject and the verb in the sentence; between adjective and noun or verb and adverb; the use of a small letter for the personal pronoun ‘I’ or adding a dot on top of the personal pronoun; the use of small letter at the beginning or end of a proper noun or sentence.

COMMON ERRORS IN SSCE ESSAY WRITING

In order to reduce loss of marks in mechanical accuracy, students have to improve of their spelling, grammar and punctuation. Poor grammar and spelling are also factors responsible for mass failure of the English Language. Some of these errors are:

Wrong spelling and interchanging use of words: It is disappointing that students mis-spell words that constitute their vocabulary for daily communication. Students also confusedly use similar pairs of words in essays. Examples are –

Later/latter break/brake practice/practise

Quite/quiet course/cause advise/advice

Save/safe loose/lose been/being

Wrong Concord: Concord simply means agreement between the subject of the sentence and its verb element. Examples of common errors of concord in essays are-

(a) I am happy to write you these (this) letter.

(b) One of my brother friend (friends) is here.

(c) The people need (needs) our help.

Indiscriminate use of capital letters: Capital letters should not be used indiscriminately within sentences except they are to begin proper nouns. E.g. ‘Our mother was Admitted into the Hospital’ instead of ‘Our mother was admitted into the hospital.’

Note, every capital letter used indiscriminately leads to a loss of half mark.

Personal pronoun I, should always be written in capital letter even if it occurs in the middle of a sentence.
The comma should not be used arbitrarily and should not occur immediately after the verb as most students use it, e.g.

How, are you?

I received, your telegram yesterday in which you, informed me, about your sister’s marriage.

The comma is wrongly used in the two sentences written above.

Other forms of errors include grammatical errors; wrong plural formations and uncountable nouns; wrong amalgamation of two words; wrong separation of words; arbitrary use and omission of the apostrophe; e.t.c.