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Deep Tech limited, Buchi Road, Lusaka (2026)

28/03/2025

For computer hardware and software maintenance, CCTV , fiber optic cabling, toner cartridge,access control, printers servers and computer Networks please contact expressed and highly trained personnel using
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10/03/2023

network access control (NAC)
Network access control (NAC), also called network admission control, is a method to bolster the security, visibility and access management of a proprietary network.

What is network access control (NAC)?
Network access control, also called network admission control, is a method to bolster the security, visibility and access management of a proprietary network. It restricts the availability of network resources to endpoint devices and users that comply with a defined security policy.
The NAC can also provide endpoint security protection such as antivirus software, firewall, and vulnerability assessment with security enforcement policies and system authentication methods.
Network access control (NAC) is an important element of network security.

What is the importance of network access control?
NAC is critical for modern businesses because it allows organizations to monitor the devices and users -- authorized and unauthorized -- trying to access the network.

Unauthorized users include cybercriminals, hackers and data thieves, and other bad actors that an organization must keep out. But businesses must also be gatekeepers for authorized users. This particularly applies to organizations that allow remote access to the enterprise network from non-corporate devices like mobile phones, laptops and tablets, or companies that allow employees working in the office to use personal devices. Both scenarios create security risks demanding organizations to address network security.
NAC is one aspect of network security. It provides visibility into the devices and users trying to access the enterprise network. And it controls who can access the network, including denying access to those users and devices that don’t comply with security policies. NAC solutions and tools help companies control network access, ensure compliance and strengthen their IT infrastructure.

What are the types of network access control?
There are two types of NAC, including the following:
Pre-admission: evaluates access attempts and only allows entry to authorized devices and users.
Post-admission: re-authenticates users trying to enter a different part of the network; also restricts lateral movement to limit the damage from cyber attacks

What is a network access server?
Many NAC functions are performed by a network access server. A traditional network access server is a server that performs authentication and authorization functions by verifying user logon information. Also known as a media access gateway or remote access server, a network access server handles remote logins, establishes point-to-point protocol connections and ensures that authorized users can access the resources they need.

A network access server can function in several ways, such as the following:
Internet service provider: enables authorized customers to access the internet.
Virtual private network (VPN): gives remote users access to a private enterprise network and resources.
Voice over Internet Protocol: allows users to access communication applications over the internet.

A network access server can also support the following:
Network load balancing to distribute traffic and improve reliability and performance;
Network resource management to manage and allocate resources for networking processes; and
Network user sessions to track users, store their data and persist their specific state.
Remote access security requirements
Network access servers, also known as remote access servers, control remote logins, ensure authorized users can access the resources they need and more.

What are the common use cases for network access control?
NAC tools are proactive and designed to stop unauthorized access before it happens. They protect an organization’s network perimeter including the physical infrastructure, devices, software, applications and cloud-based assets.

There are many use cases for NAC:
Bring Your Own Device: Protects from vulnerabilities created when employees use their own devices or use company devices from remote locations.
Network access for non-employees (vendors or partners): NAC with VPN allows external users to access the corporate network (or specific parts of it) through a secure self-service portal.
Internet of things (IoT): Prevents cybercriminals from exploiting IoT devices connected to the enterprise network but often overlooked in terms of security and monitoring.
Incident response: Identifies compromised devices and automatically disables access to prevent an attack from spreading across the network.
NAC tools are also useful for security and authentication in specific industrial use cases, such as medical devices and healthcare systems.

What are the capabilities and goals of network access control?
NAC devices enforce security policies across all users and devices on a network through multiple capabilities, such as the following:
Limit network access to users and specific network areas;
Prevent data access by unauthorized employees and cybercriminals;
Block access from endpoint devices (e.g., mobile phones) that don’t comply with enterprise security policies;
Manage policy lifecycle for multiple operating scenarios;
Recognize and profile users and devices to protect them from malicious code; and
Integrate with other security solutions through application program interfaces.
How to choose a network access control product

NAC offerings cover a broad range of capabilities and use cases. To find the right one, consider these factors:
security strategy maturity
budget, price and upfront investment
native integration with existing software
type of proactive tools provided
NAC may not work for every organization. In some cases, it may not -- for example -- be compatible with existing security controls. However, it is ideal for businesses where the user environment can be controlled, as it provides strong protection for valuable or sensitive network assets.

07/03/2023

Access Control Definition
Access control is a data security process that enables organizations to manage who is authorized to access corporate data and resources. Secure access control uses policies that verify users are who they claim to be and ensures appropriate control access levels are granted to users.
Implementing access control is a crucial component of web application security, ensuring only the right users have the right level of access to the right resources. The process is critical to helping organizations avoid data breaches and fighting attack vectors, such as a buffer overflow attack, KRACK attack, on-path attack, or phishing attack.

What Are the Components of Access Control?
Access control is managed through several components:
1. Authentication
Authentication is the initial process of establishing the identity of a user. For example, when a user signs in to their email service or online banking account with a username and password combination, their identity has been authenticated. However, authentication alone is not sufficient to protect organizations’ data.
2. Authorization
Authorization adds an extra layer of security to the authentication process. It specifies access rights and privileges to resources to determine whether the user should be granted access to data or make a specific transaction.
For example, an email service or online bank account can require users to provide two-factor authentication (2FA), which is typically a combination of something they know (such as a password), something they possess (such as a token), or something they are (like a biometric verification). This information can also be verified through a 2FA mobile app or a thumbprint scan on a smartphone.
3. Access
Once a user has completed the authentication and authorization steps, their identity will be verified. This grants them access to the resource they are attempting to log in to.
4. Manage
Organizations can manage their access control system by adding and removing the authentication and authorization of their users and systems. Managing these systems can become complex in modern IT environments that comprise cloud services and on-premises systems.
5. Audit
Organizations can enforce the principle of least privilege through the access control audit process. This enables them to gather data around user activity and analyze that information to discover potential access violations.

How Does Access Control Work?
Access control is used to verify the identity of users attempting to log in to digital resources. But it is also used to grant access to physical buildings and physical devices.
Physical Access Control
Common examples of physical access controllers include:
Barroom Bouncers
Bouncers can establish an access control list to verify IDs and ensure people entering bars are of legal age.
Subway Turnstiles
Access control is used at subway turnstiles to only allow verified people to use subway systems. Subway users scan cards that immediately recognize the user and verify they have enough credit to use the service.
Keycard or Badge Scanners in Corporate Offices
Organizations can protect their offices by using scanners that provide mandatory access control. Employees need to scan a keycard or badge to verify their identity before they can access the building.
Logical/Information Access Control
Logical access control involves tools and protocols being used to identify, authenticate, and authorize users in computer systems. The access controller system enforces measures for data, processes, programs, and systems.
Signing Into a Laptop Using a Password
A common form of data loss is through devices being lost or stolen. Users can keep their personal and corporate data secure by using a password.
Unlocking a Smartphone With a Thumbprint Scan
Smartphones can also be protected with access controls that allow only the user to open the device. Users can secure their smartphones by using biometrics, such as a thumbprint scan, to prevent unauthorized access to their devices.
Remotely Accessing an Employer’s Internal Network Using a VPN
Smartphones can also be protected with access controls that allow only the user to open the device. Users can secure their smartphones by using biometrics, such as a thumbprint scan, to prevent unauthorized access to their devices.

What Is the Difference Between Authentication and Authorization?
Authentication and authorization are crucial to access control in security. Authentication is the process of logging in to a system, such as an email address, online banking service, or social media account. Authorization is the process of verifying the user’s identity to provide an extra layer of security that the user is who they claim to be.
Importance of Access Control in Regulatory Compliance
Access control is crucial to helping organizations comply with various data privacy regulations. These include:
PCI DSS
The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) is a security standard that protects the payment card ecosystem. An access control system is crucial to permitting or denying transactions and ensuring the identity of users.
HIPAA
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) was created to protect patient health data from being disclosed without their consent. Access control is vital to limiting access to authorized users, ensuring people cannot access data that is beyond their privilege level, and preventing data breaches.
SOC 2
Service Organization Control 2 (SOC 2) is an auditing procedure designed for service providers that store customer data in the cloud. It ensures that providers protect the privacy of their customers and requires organizations to implement and follow strict policies and procedures around customer data. Access control systems are crucial to enforcing these strict data security processes.
ISO 27001
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) defines security standards that organizations across all industries need to comply with and demonstrate to their customers that they take security seriously. ISO 27001 is the ISO’s gold standard of information security and compliance certification. Implementing access controls is crucial to complying with this security standard.

What Are the Different Types of Access Controls?
There are various types of access controls that organizations can implement to safeguard their data and users. These include:
1. Attribute-based Access Control (ABAC)
ABAC is a dynamic, context-based policy that defines access based on policies granted to users. The system is used in identity and access management (IAM) frameworks.
2. Discretionary Access Control (DAC)
DAC models allow the data owner to decide access control by assigning access rights to rules that users specify. When a user is granted access to a system, they can then provide access to other users as they see fit.
3. Mandatory Access Control (MAC)
MAC places strict policies on individual users and the data, resources, and systems they want to access. The policies are managed by an organization’s administrator. Users are not able to alter, revoke, or set permissions.
4. Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)
RBAC creates permissions based on groups of users, roles that users hold, and actions that users take. Users are able to perform any action enabled to their role and cannot change the access control level they are assigned.
5. Break-glass Access Control
Break-glass access control involves the creation of an emergency account that bypasses regular permissions. In the event of a critical emergency, the user is given immediate access to a system or account they would not usually be authorized to use.
6. Rule-based Access Control
A rule-based approach sees a system admin define rules that govern access to corporate resources. These rules are typically built around conditions, such as the location or time of day that users access resources.

What Are Some Methods for Implementing Access Control?
One of the most common methods for implementing access controls is to use VPNs. This enables users to securely access resources remotely, which is crucial when people work away from the physical office. Companies can use VPNs to provide secure access to their networks when employees are based in various locations around the world. While this is ideal for security reasons, it can result in some performance issues, such as latency.

Other access control methods include identity repositories, monitoring and reporting applications, password management tools, provisioning tools, and security policy enforcement services.

For computer hardware and software maintenance, CCTV , access control, printers servers and computer Networks please contact expressed and highly trained personnel from Deep Tech limited using
Phone number 0972071497
Name lupenga chimai
Email [email protected]

01/03/2023

What is Backup and Recovery?

Backup and recovery is the process of duplicating data and storing it in a secure place in case of loss or damage, and then restoring that data to a location — the original one or a safe alternative — so it can be again used in operations. Ideally, this backup copy (often called a snapshot) is immutable —meaning it cannot be altered after it is created to protect against mutations such as ransomware.

What are the 3 Types of Backups?

Full backups – Like filling up an extra tire at the service station, think of this process as pumping all of the data stored on a production system into a backup system for safe keeping. Full backups protect every bit of data from a single server, database, virtual machine (VM), or data source connected to the network. These backups can take many hours, even days, depending on the amount of data being saved. The more modern a data management solution is, the fewer full backups it must perform, and when it does, the faster it goes.

Incremental backups – Think of incremental backups as adding just a little more air each time you revisit the station — just in case — so you’re always ready to replace your tire. An incremental backup captures only new data since the last full incremental was performed. However, a full backup is required before a backup solution can perform its first incremental backup. Then it can automatically do them based on the last incremental taken.

Differential backups – Like incremental backups, these add more air but the delta is from the last full backup, not the last incremental. Think of this backup as what’s different from the last time you even filled the tire with air. Again, this can only happen if a full backup has been performed first.

What is the Difference Between Backup and Recovery?

The key difference between backup and recovery is that the backup process is how you save and protect your production data and safely store it away so you have it for a later time, when you might need to use it.
Recovery is the process whereby you retrieve and restore that backup data to your production systems to avoid downtime.

Reliable backups and fast recovery together ensure business continuity and business resilience.

What Are the Types Of Data Recovery?

The amount of data organizations create, capture, and store has skyrocketed over the last decade.
Because enterprises and people are storing data in more places, new categories of data recovery have emerged. These include:

Granular recovery of files, folders and objects – Also known as file-level or object-level recovery, this is the process of quickly getting back one or just a few specific data sets from among many volumes
Instant mass restore – This process allows IT staff to recover not just files but hundreds of virtual machines (VMs) instantly, at scale, to any point in time, saving time and resources
Volume recovery – A process teams that need to recover an unlimited number of VMs at the same time use for faster recovery;
Virtual Machine Disk (VMDK) recovery – This recovery process ensures all data and apps on a VM are restored quickly
Bare machine recovery – The process of restoring an entire operating system (software, apps, and data) in one process
Instant volume mounts – Teams can save time using a backup solution as a target to restore an entire volume to a Windows VM
Instant restores of VMs – This process restores a large number of VMs to any previous recovery point with backup copies fully hydrated and available immediately

What Is Disaster Recovery Backup?
For enterprises, a disaster is when a catastrophic event occurs that negatively impacts your people and/or your data. The event can be natural — a hurricane taking down a data center, for example. Or a disaster can be human-made such as a ransomware attack.
Disaster recovery is the process your IT organization goes through to restore data. And increasingly, organizations are setting aside a complete or full backup of entire environments — either on-premises or in the public cloud — to ensure all of their data could be made available, quickly, in the event of a catastrophe.

What Types of Data Sources Typically Need to Be Recovered?
All of the data sources that your organization protects may at some time need to be recovered.

Why Do You Need a Data Backup and Disaster Recovery Plan?
Data is essential to organizations of all types and sizes. You need a robust data backup and disaster recovery plan because it provides a roadmap for the people responsible for taking charge in a disaster scenario to know who is doing what and in what sequence to restore operational functionality. Your DR plan should include both people and processes, serving as a guide for employees to follow as they bring your business back up.
A robust data backup and disaster recovery plan also should ensure that your data is always protected — as and after you move it from day-to-day, production systems for short- and long-term retention. And with the best backup and disaster recovery plan, you will always have your data readily available should you need it.
Imagine if the data needed to operate your business, department, or agency was unavailable, even for a few minutes, never mind hours, days, or weeks. Customers would be unhappy. Employees would be, too. And in the case of ransomware, your entire business might even cease to exist. Effective backup and recovery of important data prevents all of these scenarios.

Is Data Deduplication Important in Backups?
Yes, data deduplication is absolutely important in backups. . Data is growing exponentially and organizations are retaining more data Because of this, IT teams need to deploy techniques that will help their organizations reduce data footprints, keeping costs lower.

Advanced data reduction through deduplication enables more data to fit into the same hardware space — helping to reduce cost.
The most powerful and flexible global deduplication architecture is variable-length data deduplication technology that spans an entire cluster across various data sources rather than simply a single node, resulting in significant savings across the entire storage footprint.
With variable-length deduplication, the size is not fixed. Instead, the algorithm divides the data into chunks of varying sizes based on the data characteristics. The chunks are cut in a data-dependent way that results in variable sized chunks and results in greater data reduction than fixed-size deduplication. The efficiency benefit of variable-length deduplication compounds over time, as additional data is retained.
Integrated data compression adds a boost. Compression works well on a single file, but across files, there is a need for some macro-level data compression. Why? Because when two identical copies of a file are stored, compression can individually compress the files while deduplication can completely eliminate the need to store any data for the second copy. So adding compression to the deduped data further reduces data size.

Why is Backup and Recovery Important?
Data powers your organization and your competitive advantage. That’s why backup and recovery is important. With a robust backup and recovery strategy — and technology solution — in place, your organization can:
Prevent data loss – The fallout from lost or compromised data ranges from irritating to costly. Businesses can suffer financial penalties as well as loss of customer trust and brand reputation. The main role of backup and recovery is to preserve critical data in case of loss or damage
Sustain operations – In face of disaster — natural or manmade including a ransomware attack — businesses keep functioning
Maintain a good customer experience – Lost customer records create business challenges such as reduced customer satisfaction and revenue as well as non-compliance with regulations. Alternatively, rich always-available customer datasets drive greater customer loyalty and, consequently, higher profits
Keep employees productive – Effective data backup and recovery eliminates wasted time employees must spend rewriting reports, rekeying data, or recalculating spreadsheets when data and files go missing
Retain historical records – Backing up data allows businesses to build corporate archives of their operations, and in some cases is mandated by industry or government regulations
Satisfy auditors – Laws differ from one jurisdiction to another, but having important accounting and other financial records backed up, recoverable, and easily accessible for both tax reasons and audits is critical to business operations
Achieve peace of mind – Whether a hurricane, cybercrime, or system failure, bad things can happen to even the most well-managed companies. Having a robust data backup and recovery strategy, supported by the right technology solution means that your organization can be resilient and weather even the most difficult circumstances

For computer hardware and software maintenance, CCTV , access control, printers servers and computer Networks please contact expressed and highly trained personnel from Deep Tech limited using
Phone number 0972071497
Name lupenga chimai
Email [email protected]

28/02/2023

Common Computer Problems

Although most complex computer issues at work can often be solved by the business IT support team, there are many other small, but common, issues that occur on a regular basis on a personal computer. The good news is that many problems with computers have simple solutions, and learning to recognise a problem and fix it yourself will save you a lot of time and money.

1. The Computer Won’t Start
A computer that suddenly shuts off or has difficulty starting up could have a failing power supply. Check that the computer is plugged into the power point properly and, if that doesn’t work, test the power point with another working device to confirm whether or not there is adequate power.

2. The Screen is Blank
If the computer is on but the screen is blank, there may be an issue with the connection between the computer and the screen. First, check to see if the monitor is plugged into a power point and that the connection between the monitor and computer hard drive is secure. If the problem is on a laptop, then you may need to get a professional to fix it as some of the internal wires may be worn.

3. Abnormally Functioning Operating System or Software
If the operating system or other software is either unresponsive or is acting up, then try restarting your computer and run a virus scan. To avoid having this happen, install reliable anti-virus software.

4. Windows Won’t Boot
If you are having troubles booting Windows, then you may have to reinstall it with the Windows recovery disk.

5. The Screen is Frozen
When you computer freezes, you may have no other option than to reboot and risk losing any unsaved work. Freezes can be a sign of insufficient ram, registry conflicts, corrupt or missing files, or spyware. Press and hold the power button until the computer turns off, then restart it and get to work cleaning up the system so that it doesn’t freeze again.

6. Computer is Slow
If your computer is slower than normal, you can often fix the problem simply by cleaning the hard disk of unwanted files. You can also install a firewall, anti-virus and anti-spyware tools, and schedule regular registry scans. External hard drives are great storage solutions for overtaxed CPU’s, and will help your computer run faster.

7. Strange Noises
A lot of noise coming from your computer is generally a sign of either hardware malfunction or a noisy fan. Hard drives often make noise just before they fail, so you may want to back up information just in case, and fans are very easy to replace.

8. Slow Internet
To improve your Internet browser performance, you need to clear cookies and Internet temporary files frequently. In the Windows search bar, type ‘%temp%’ and hit enter to open the temporary files folder.

9. Overheating
If a computer case lacks a sufficient cooling system, then the computer’s components may start to generate excess heat during operation. To avoid your computer burning itself out, turn it off and let it rest if it’s getting hot. Additionally, you can check the fan to make sure it’s working properly.

10. Dropped Internet Connections
Dropped Internet connections can be very frustrating. Often the problem is simple and may be caused by a bad cable or phone line, which is easy to fix. More serious problems include viruses, a bad network card or modem, or a problem with the driver

For computer hardware and software maintenance, CCTV , access control, printers servers and computer
Networks please contact expressed and highly trained personnel from Deep Tech limited using
Phone number 0972071497
Name lupenga chimai
Email [email protected]

27/02/2023

things that can trigger Windows Blue screen of death

Blue Screen of Death
“Your PC ran into a problem and needs to restart. We’re just collecting some error info, and then we’ll restart for you.”
That’s usually one of the variations of Blue Screen of Death (BSOD) fatal system error messages that abruptly pop on your computer screen out of the blue. A Blue Screen of Death usually appears when the Windows operating system encounters a critical error from which it can’t recover.

This could be hardware, or software-related. Either way, once it happens, say bye bye to your unfinished and unsaved tasks. Your PC just won’t have time to save it for later.

Oftentimes, Blue Screen of Death comes with the cause of death included in the STOP Code. These STOP codes zero down on the root cause. If you can copy these STOP Codes and look up the cause and fix, more power to you. Most times though, Windows will restart and fix whatever underlying errors without your input.

But not always. We have to go on a limb and troubleshoot some of the known causes behind the Blue Screen of Death. Here is a checklist with some of the culprits.

Software causes Blue Screen of Death
windows-blue-screen-of-death
New programs/drivers: Delete any recently installed programs or drivers that precede a BSOD on the off chance that they directly or indirectly caused the STOP code. If you updated the drivers, you have the option to roll back the device driver to an earlier version that worked fine.
Old programs/drivers: Conversely, in direct contradiction to our previous suggestion, re/installing new device drivers or program files can get rid of BSOD. Oftentimes, old or incompatible program files or device drivers might cause intermittent BSOD STOP errors.
Corrupt system files: At times even Microsoft gets it wrong and pushes buggy updates which inadvertently cause the system to crash. If an update or patch fixing the BSOD is available, go ahead and install it, otherwise uninstall the updates in question. A System Restore is another good option to get a fresh copy of system files to replace the corrupt ones.
Viruses/Malware: Scan your system thoroughly to get rid of viruses and malware. These could have corrupted the system files and/or the drivers thereby causing a BSOD. Make sure your antivirus is updated to the latest virus definitions before you embark on this endeavour.
BIOS: BIOS is one of those things that are rarely advisable to update. It often works fine for years, but at times incompatibility can lead to BSOD. Update the outdated BIOS to latest to get rid of this STOP code.
Hardware causes of Blue Screen of Death

Inadequate air circulation: A malfunctioning fan might stop cooling the computer which can lead to BSOD. Check the temperature of the computer and listen to whether the fan is working fine. You might need to blow out accumulated gunk clogging up the gills of your PC.
Small storage space: During installation/upgrading to a new operating system, lack of enough storage space can lead to BSOD. Check that you have enough space to accommodate an operating system.
Unnecessary hardware peripherals: Other than the keyboard and mouse, you can try unplugging other peripherals such as flash drives and SD cards, portable hard drives, secondary monitors, printers, HDMI cables, smartphones, e.t.c. These can interfere with installation/upgrading of an operating system, or a PC starting up forcing a BSOD in the process.
Loose hardware/cables: Unseated hard drives, RAM chips and loose cables can return a STOP code. Check that all hardware components are firmly in place, especially if you recently opened your computer. A safe bet is to unplug and then reseat all these components for good measure.
Failing hardware: At times, the hardware might be reaching end of life and sending SOS hints i.e. Blue Screen of Death. The first thing you need to do is backup all your files before you jump ship. Do a hardware diagnostics test to get to the bottom of this. It could be the hard drive, RAM, Motherboard or other components. Replace this hardware, it’s firmware or the entire computer if it’s within your means.

For computer hardware and software maintenance, CCTV , access control, printers servers and computer Networks please contact expressed and highly trained personnel from Deep Tech limited using
Phone number 0972071497
Name lupenga chimai
Email [email protected]

Deep Tech limited

28/03/2025

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