Technical-Department

11/11/2021

07/08/2020

24/01/2020

TYPES OF DIODE
There are several different types of diode in electronics world with diverse functionality. Such as:
Rectifier diode
Shottky diode
Light emitting diode (LED).
Photodiode
Laser diode
Zener diode
Schokley diode
Gunn diode
Pin diode
Point contact diode
Tunnel diode
Varactor diode etc.
We would however be discussing the first 6 of these diodes as they are common.
RECTIFIER DIODE.
They are the type of diode use in converting an Alternating current to Direct current. They generally possessed a high forward voltage drop (0.7v), high current handling capacity (usually from 1 amp upwards) and a high reverse biased voltage. Because of these, they are usually referred to as a power diode. They are generally tough and in most cases big in size. Examples of such diode are the famous IN4007, MIC6A10, IN5408 etc.
SHOTTKY DIODE.
Named after a German physicist walter H.schottky. One of the advantage of a schottky diode is its low forward voltage drop (in the range of 0.3v) and fast switching speed. This speed ensures fast reverse recovery time. Its disadvantage is that it possessed a low reverse breakdown voltage and high reverse leakage current.
LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED).
This type of diode is also very common. I can assure that every electronic hobbyist has experimented with this. It is the type of diode that emits (gives off) light when in forward biased condition. They convert electrical energy into light energy. Presently, due to their low power consumption, small size and long lasting lifespan when operated correctly, they find their way to be used in presently day LED energy saving bulb and are fast dominating the market. They are used also as a visual indicator light in circuits

PHOTO DIODES.
This type of diode functions in opposite to that of the LED. They convert light energy into electrical energy. Photodiode has a special opening where light enters to cause electron flow. In its simplest application, photodiodes are used as light sensors/detectors.
LASER DIODE
Just like LED, this diode produces a laser beam when operated in its forward condition. They consists of a PIN junction where holes and electrons combined together in the intrinsic region to generate this laser beam. They are used in optical communication, laser printers, CD-readers, laser pointers e.t.c

ZENER DIODE
This is a very interesting type of diode which can operate both in its forward and reverse biased mode. When in forward mode, it functions like a normal diode. When in reverse biased mode, it blocks electron flow just like every other diode. But an interesting thing happens along the line. As the reverse biased voltage tends to increase more and more, a time will reach when this diode will no more contain this seemingly rising voltage, it will break down and start conducting. As it starts conducting (in this reverse biased mode) another interesting deal occurs, it will tend to maintain (clip) this reverse voltage to that voltage point where it breaks down. Now here is another wonder of it. Unlike other diodes that got permanently damaged when they break down in reverse mode (avalanche), zener bounces back (still work) and maintain its original function when this reverse biased condition is eliminated (although that doesn’t mean it should work forever, it has a limit it can withstand in this reverse condition too).
This ability of a zener diode to maintain a constant voltage level when it breaks down in reverse mode is why it can be used as a voltage regulator (though it has some limitations too). The point where this zener breaks down in reverse mode is known as “zener voltage” or zener break down voltage.
In the course of this diode tutorials, we would still come to design a different type of simple zener diode circuit. Then, you would come to understand better the use of this device.
I hope you got value today!
Electronics is my life… Your technical expertise is my concern.
Stay tuned!

03/12/2019

𝐇𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐨 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐝 𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐜 𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞𝐬?

Knowing the capacitance of an electrolytic capacitor is easy, since this is observed in the component.
However, in ceramic capacitors, capacitance comes in the form of a code, which is mostly 3 digits.

For a quick and easy reading, you should know that the result of all codes will be given in pF.
With that in mind, you must locate the first two numbers from left to right and write them, after locating the third number, �the latter will indicate the amount of zeros that you must add.

𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐞𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐚) 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐜𝐨𝐝𝐞 𝟑𝟎𝟏

As you know you must see the first 2 numbers, for this capacitor it is 30, and the third number is 1, therefore to 30 you add a zero and you will have 300. The final result will always be given at pF, therefore it would be 300 pF.

𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐞𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐛) 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐜𝐨𝐝𝐞 𝟏𝟎𝟏

You must visualize again the first 2 numbers, in this case is 10, and since the third number is 1, add a zero to 10, resulting 100 pF.

𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐞𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐜) 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐜𝐨𝐝𝐞 𝟏 .

As there is only one digit and there is not a second and a third, in which the latter indicates the number of zeros, this capacitor will have a value of 1 pF.

I remind you that to convert from pF to nF, it is necessary to divide the amount of pF you have between 1000.

21/10/2017

There are Three Types of fiber Cables

Single mode
Multi mode.
plastic optical fiber (POF)


Within these categories, fibers are identified by their core and cladding diameters expressed in microns (one millionth of a meter).
For example e.g. 9/125 micron single mode fiber and 50/125 micron multi mode fiber or 62.5 micron multi mode fiber.
9 micron, 50 micron, 62.5 micron represent the diameter dimension for core
125 micron is the diameter dimension for cladding.



Single Mode cable

Single Mode Cable is a single stand (most applications use 2 fibers) of glass fiber with a diameter of 8.3 to 10 microns that has one mode of transmission. Single Mode Fiber with a relatively narrow diameter, through which only one mode will propagate typically 1310 or 1550nm. Carries higher bandwidth than multimode fiber, but requires a light source with a narrow spectral width. Synonyms mono-mode optical fiber, single-mode fiber, single-mode optical waveguide, uni-mode fiber.
Single Modem fiber is used in many applications where data is sent at multi-frequency (WDM Wave-Division-Multiplexing) so only one cable is needed - (single-mode on one single fiber)
Single-mode fiber gives you a higher transmission rate and up to 50 times more distance than multimode, but it also costs more. Single-mode fiber has a much smaller core than multimode. The small core and single light-wave virtually eliminate any distortion that could result from overlapping light pulses, providing the least signal attenuation and the highest transmission speeds of any fiber cable type.

Single-mode optical fiber is an optical fiber in which only the lowest order bound mode can propagate at the wavelength of interest typically 1300 to 1320nm.

Single Mode cable

Multi-Mode cable

It has a little bit bigger diameter, with a common diameters in the 50-to-100 micron range for the light carry component (in the US the most common size is 62.5um). Most applications in which Multi-mode fiber is used, 2 fibers are used (WDM is not normally used on multi-mode fiber). POF is a newer plastic-based cable which promises performance similar to glass cable on very short runs, but at a lower cost.

Multimode fiber gives you high bandwidth at high speeds (10 to 100MBS - Gigabit to 275m to 2km) over medium distances. Light waves are dispersed into numerous paths, or modes, as they travel through the cable's core typically 850 or 1300nm. Typical multimode fiber core diameters are 50, 62.5, and 100 micrometers. However, in long cable runs (greater than 3000 feet [914.4 meters), multiple paths of light can cause signal distortion at the receiving end, resulting in an unclear and incomplete data transmission so designers now call for single mode fiber in new applications using Gigabit and beyond.
Multi-Mode cable



Plastic optical fiber (POF)

POF (or Polymer optical fibre) is an optical fiber that is made out of polymer. Similar to glass optical fiber, POF transmits light (for illumination or data) through the core of the fiber. Its chief advantage over the glass product, other aspect being equal, is its robustness under bending and stretching. Optical fiber used in telecommunications is governed by European Standards EN 60793-2-40-2011.
Plastic optical fiber (POF)

28/03/2017

SFP transceivers are designed to support SONET, gigabit Ethernet, Fibre Channel, and other communications standards. Due to its smaller size, SFP obsolesces the formerly ubiquitous gigabit interface converter (GBIC); the SFP is sometimes referred to as a Mini-GBIC. In fact, no device with this name has ever been defined in the MSAs.

Although it is not mentioned in any official specification document the maximum data rate of the original SFP standard is 6Gbit/s
The small form-factor pluggable (SFP) is a compact, hot-pluggable transceiver used for both telecommunication and data communications applications. The form factor and electrical interface are specified by a multi-source agreement (MSA) under the auspices of the SFF Committee. It interfaces a network device motherboard (for a switch,router, media converter or similar device) to afiber optic or copper networking cable. It is a popular industry format jointly developed and supported by many network component vendors. SFP transceivers are designed to support SONET, gigabit Ethernet, Fibre Channel, and other communications.

27/03/2017

Intel Optane Memory has a mission:
Make hard drives faster than SSDs
Intel’s Optane Memory could be the most revolutionary letdown in storage history. Announced Monday morning, these first consumer Optane-based devices will be available April 24 in two M.2 trims: A 16GB model for $44 and a 32GB Optane Memory device for $77. Both are rated for crazy-fast read speeds of 1.2GBps and writes of 280MBps.
If you’re wondering how you can install Windows 10 on one of these, you can’t. The first two Optane Memory devices instead are meant to be used primarily as cache drives for a traditional hard drive, using a technique similar to the Smart Response Technology Intel introduced in 2011.
Why this matters: Optane Memory is a far cry from what we expected after Intel and Micron announced 3D XPoint in 2015. The non-volatile memory was hyped as the next fast thing, promising “1,000X” the performance of today’s NAND-based SSDs with far higher density and lower cost than DRAM. 3D XPoint had me wondering just how it would reshape the PC down the road, when a computer could potentially have a simple 4TB of 3D XPoint memory doing it all, rather than 16GB of RAM and a hard drive. Apparently we have to be patient.
Why you shouldn’t dismiss Optane
Anyone who expected the first Optane drives to re-balance the galaxy is likely to be very disappointed with Intel Optane Memory. These first two Optane drives aren’t intended for enthusiasts, nor anyone with a beefy computer. They’re aimed at the huddled masses who still use traditional, spinning-platter hard drives. There are a lot of them: IDC data cited by Intel shows roughly 80 percent of desktop PCs in the world still use hard drives. (Full disclosure: IDC and PCWorld are separate business units of International Data Group.) They’ll continue to do so, too, because the cost per megabyte is so affordable.
Add Optane Memory to a current PC such as my own, and drive performance would be exponentially better, Intel claims.

05/10/2016

लैपटॉप चार्जर में क्यों होता है ये काला हिस्सा

टेक्नोलॉजी बढ़ चुकी है तो आज कल सभी लैपटॉप का इस्तेमाल करते हैं। इजी टू यूज़ होता है और पोर्टेबल भी जिससे आप कहीं भी जा कर काम कर सकते है। तो लैपटॉप इस्तेमाल करते हैं तो चार्जर की भी जररूत पड़ती ही है। तो चार्जर कभी ध्यान से देखिएगा उसके वायर में एक काला गोल हिस्सा होता है। इसके बारे में तो आप जानते नही होंगे कि क्यों होता है ये। तो आइये ये भी बता देते हैं आपको।

इस हिस्से को आप फेराइट बीड, फेराइट चोक या फेराइट सिलेंडर भी कह सकते हैं। ये एक इलेक्ट्रॉनिक सर्किट होता है जो आने वाली फ्रीक्वेंसी को कम करता है। मतलब एक डिवाइस में आने और जाने वाली फ्रीक्वेंसी को कम करता है।

आपको ये शायद नही पता हो ,लेकिन अगर ये ना हो तो इससे आपकी डिवाइस खराब भी हो सकती है।
इसी के कारण आपका डिवाइस अच्छे से काम करता है ,नहीं तो आपकी स्क्रीन रेडियो फ्रीक्वेंसी से लैपटॉप की स्क्रीन हिल सकती है। जब करंट पास होता है तो यह रेडियो एनर्जी बनाता है।